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LGA sustainability briefing: the natural environment


Introduction

The UK has committed to reaching net zero by 2050. This means that the total greenhouse gas emissions would be equal to the emissions removed from the atmosphere, with the aim of limiting climate change. Achieving these commitments will require a wholesale transformation of our society. 

The natural environment has a key role to play in tackling climate change, promoting economic development, improving mental and physical health, and helping society adapt to changing weather patterns. Nature recovery and biodiversity should not be seen as a separate issue from other aspects of our lives, but rather an integral part of how we can create a sustainable and resilient future. Green infrastructure is the term used to describe the network of multi-functional green and blue spaces (outdoor environments–either natural or manmade–that prominently feature water and are accessible to people) and other natural features, urban and rural, which delivers benefits for nature, climate, local and wider communities and prosperity.

According to the most recent State of Nature report, published in 2023, there has been a 19% decline in the average abundance of wildlife species in the UK since the 1970s. Preservation and restoration of the natural environment is an urgent priority that needs to be addressed by councils and individuals alike.

Councils have a significant role to play in nature recovery, as they have legal powers and duties to protect and enhance biodiversity. The Environment Act 2021 has strengthened these duties, requiring councils to report on their efforts to protect and enhance biodiversity and develop local nature recovery strategies. Additionally, councils must now make sure that developments deliver biodiversity net gain , ensuring that nature is improved alongside economic growth.

This briefing explains the business case for taking action to preserve and enhance the natural environment and biodiversity, and sets out suggested interventions that councils can take.  It is one of a series of LGA briefings relating to environmental sustainability. 

The business case for action

Economic benefits

The natural environment provides valuable services that contribute to the local economy. It helps reduce the burden on the healthcare system, supports farming and agriculture, and acts as a carbon sink (anything that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases), which can be seen as natural capital. By protecting and enhancing nature, councils can unlock economic opportunities and create a more sustainable and resilient economy.

Health and wellbeing

Access to green spaces and nature has been proven to have positive impacts on people's physical and mental health. Trees and other vegetation act to filter out pollutants, improving air and water quality. By prioritising green infrastructure delivery and nature recovery, councils can improve the well-being of their residents, leading to healthier and happier communities. This, in turn, can reduce healthcare costs and increase productivity.

Climate change mitigation and adaptation

Nature plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Protecting and restoring habitats such as peatlands, woodlands, and coastal marine areas can help councils achieve their climate targets and contribute to national and international climate action efforts. Additionally, nature-based solutions, such as sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), peatland restoration and habitat expansion, can also help reduce the impacts of climate change, such as flooding and over-heating.

Legal obligations

Councils have duties under the Habitats Regulations and Wildlife and Countryside Act to look after protected sites and species. The Environment Act 2021 has strengthened the NERC Act 2016 biodiversity duty of councils, requiring them to have regard for biodiversity and report on their efforts to protect and enhance it. Councils also have powers to declare local nature reserves, set up community forests, and develop local nature recovery strategies. By fulfilling these legal obligations, councils can demonstrate their commitment to environmental stewardship and sustainability. 

Social justice and equality

Access to green spaces and nature should be equitable, ensuring that all communities have equal opportunities to benefit from nature. By investing in nature recovery and green infrastructure, councils can address social inequalities and create more inclusive and accessible environments for all residents.

Further information